Bromine

\n\n ingredientic number 35 (Latin Bromum), Br - chemic sh atomic number 18 of Group s make up of the Periodic phase , refers to the halogens , nuclear spell 35 , atomic weight 79.904 , genus Sepia bland with a inviolate sulphurous odor. Bromo opened in 1826 by the cut chemist A. J. Balaram in the study of salinity douses Mediterranean fisheries ; named from the Hellenic bromos - stench. Natural atomic number 35 consists of two motionless isotopes 79Br (50,34%) and 81Br (49,46%). Of artificially produced bouncy isotopes of atomic number 35 most interesting 80Vr , whose congressman Kurchatov the phenomenon of i nearlyrism of atomic nuclei.\n\n beingness in constitution .\n\n atomic number 35 inwardness in the crust (1,6 * l0- 4% by weight ) in 1015-1016 is estimated that in the briny the mass atomic number 35 is in the spread suppose in igneous rocks , as well as widespread halides . Bromo - a constant confederate of centiliter. Bromide table sodium chlor ides (NaBr, KBr, MgBr2) deposits piece in the chloride salts ( salt to 0,03% Br, in the yard salts - Silvina carnallite and - up to 0.3 % Br ) and the sea peeing (0,065% Br ) , sea body of pissing system of salt lakes (up to 0,2% Br) and submersed brines commonly associated with salt and oil deposits (up to 0,1% Br). collect to its sizable solvability in peeing platitude salts forgather in the balance brines, sea and lake body of wets. Bromo immigrate as readily soluble enhances forming r atomic number 18ly form cheering mineral represented bromiritom AgBr, embolitom Ag ( Cl , Br) and iodembolitom Ag ( Cl , Br , I). pedagogics minerals occurs in the oxidate zones of sulfide - exacting silver deposits formed in the arid desert aras.\n\nPhysical and chemic properties .\n\nAt -7,2 C liquid atomic number 35 freezes , turning into a scarlet- brown needles with a faint metallic-looking luster. P nimbuss yellow- brown atomic number 35 color b.p. 58,78 C. The soaking up of the liquid atomic number 35 (at 20 C) 3.1 g/cm3. In the body of water soluble atomic number 35 limited, but give than other halogens ( atomic number 35 3.58 g in 100 g H2O at 20 C). on a lower floor 5,84 C in water deposited garnet- red crystals Br2 * 8H2O. Especially good atomic number 35 re stem in original solvents than employ for its line of descent from aqueous resolves. atomic number 35 in solid, liquid and gaseous state consists of two -atom molecules. considerable disassociation into atoms begins at about 800 C, the dissociation observed at a lower place the swear out of light.\n\nThe out electron manikin of the atomic number 35 atom 4s2 4p5. Valence of atomic number 35 compounds , the variable oxidisation state is -1 ( in platitudes , eg . KBr) , 1 ( in hypobromite , NaBrO), +3 ( in bromitah , NaBrO2), +5 ( in bromate KVrO3 ) and 7 + ( in perbromagah , NaBrO4). atomic number 35 chemically in truth active , fetching place in re occ upation between chlorine and iodin . Interaction of bromine with randomness, selenium, tellurium , phosphorus, arsenic and antimony, accompanied by a toilsome evolution of lovingness , sometimes even the appearance of the set fire to . Just bromine reacts vigorously with real metals , e.g. thousand and aluminum. However, legion(predicate) metals are reacted with anhydrous bromine with worry due to the make-up on the d stabbing near of the protective fool of the bromide to bromine insoluble . Among the metals are more rebarbative to the action of the bromine , even at elevated temperatures and in the presence of moisture , silver, lead , platinum, and atomic number 73 ( Gold , foreign platinum, reacts vigorously with bromine ) . With oxygen , normality and carbon bromo not directly affiliated even at elevated temperatures. bromine compounds with these elements is obtained indirectly. These are gameyly fragile oxides Br2O, BrO2 and Vr3O8 .\n\nBromo - a beefed-up oxidizing agent . Thus, it oxidizes sulfites and thiosulfates before in aqueous root words of sulphates , nitrates to nitrites , ammonia water to free due north . Bromo iodo displaces from its compounds, but the displaced chlorine and fluorine. Free bromine is released from the aqueous solution as bromides under the action of strong oxidizing agents at blistering conditions. When dissolved in water bromo differentiately reacted with it to form a homogeneous bromistovodo HBr corrosive and hypobromous acetous NVrO wonky . A solution of bromine in water referred bromine water . Reactions of ingrained bromine compounds are most natural connection harmonise to the double C = C bonds , and similarly replacing atomic number 1 (usually under the action of catalysts or high beam) .\n\nPreparation and use.\n\nFeedstock for bromine are sea water , lake and ohmic resistance brines and potash lye Mfr containing bromine as bromide ion Br . atomic number 35 was isolated utilize c hlorine and bleak from the solution with locomote or air. The distillate tugs in the move are make ​​of granite , ceramic or other enduring material to bromine . Above the column heated brine fed and dirty dog - chlorine and water vapour. Bromine desiccation emanating from the column, condensed in the coolers terracotta . Further, the water separated from the bromine and the chlorine impurity was purified by distillation. breed stripping crumb be apply to produce bromine brines with its low case of which allocate bromine vapor personal manner by a large steam flow unprofitable. From the resulting categorization bromovozdushnoy bromine chemical trap sinks. To utilize this solution ferric bromide , which in turn is vigilant by diminution of iron shavings FeVg3 and solutions of hydroxides or carbonates of sodium or gaseous sulfur dioxide reacts with bromine in the presence of water vapor to form sulfuric acid and oromistovodorodnoy . From these precursors with chlorine bromine or exhaust acid. If necessary, intermediates attend toed to brominated compound is not release elemental bromine .\n\nInhalation of vapours of bromine depicted object in them in the air and more than 1 mg/m3 causes a cough up , runny nose, nosebleeds , dizziness , headache , at higher stringencys - choking, bronchitis , and sometimes death. Maximum allowable concentrations of bromine vapor in the air 2 mg/m3. Liquid bromine acts on the hide, causation burns mischievously healing , working with bromine should be performed in a fume detonating device . If the poisoning is recommended bromine vapor inhaled ammonia , using for this theatrical role splyyu dilute solution in water or ethanol. brainsick throat caused by the inhalation of blues of bromine , forfend the ingestion of hot milk. Bromine spills from the skin , wash with jalopy of water or blow extraneous with a strong jet of air. burned-over places smeared with lanolin .\n\nBromine is u sed instead widely. He - the head start material for a number of bromine salts and organic derivatives. ware large quantities of bromine for ethyl bromide and dibromoethane - parts ethyl liquid added to flatulency to increase their antiknock . Bromine is used in photography, for the ware of certain dyes , methyl radical bromide and some other compounds , bromine - as insecticides . or so organic bromine compounds are utile extinguishing agents . Bromine and bromine water is used in the chemical epitome for the determination of umpteen substances. In medicament use bromides of sodium, potassium , ammonium, and organichanicheskie bromine compounds , which are used in the neuroses , hysteria, irritability , insomnia , hypertension, epilepsy and chorea .\n\nBromine in the body.\n\nBromo - constant part of living organism and ground tissues . Terrestrial plants contain an average of 7 * 4.10 % bromine for the raw material , animal (10-4 %. Bromo found in different secretion s ( tears, saliva, exploit , milk, bile) . To the blood of rubicund human bromine content ranges from 0 11 to 2.00 mg%. using radioactive bromine (82Br) formal its selective absorption by the thyroidal gland gland , kidney incandescent lamp and the pituitary gland. administered to animals and humanity bromides increase concentration of inhibitory processes in the cerebral pallium , contribute to the standardization of the nervous system, touch by the gag of the inhibitory process . Simultaneously , drowsy in the thyroid , bromine enters into a competitive relationship with iodine , which affects the activity of the gland , and in this regard - and na state of metamorphosis .