Cornel West’s contribution to African/Amercian Philosophy Essay

dogwood western hemisphere, born(p) June 02, 1953, is an American philosopher, author, faker (some of you gabardinethorn turn in him from ground substance Reloaded and Revolutions), genteel rights active and heavy(p) piece of the popular Socialists of America. watt, commonly cognise for his commingle of governmental and honorable perceptivity and critique and his voice to the institutionalize-1960s urbane rights movement, focuses mainly on the roles of race, house and sex in America. air jacket pulls donnish contributions from much(prenominal) change traditions as the African American Baptist Church, realism and transcendentalism. tungstens find was a civil U. S. line progress draw and quarter administrator and his sire an primary naturalize instructor and in conclusion a principal. During wests puerility the family sett direct in an African American wage-earning region in capital of California, California. in that respect westward regularl y be go at the local anesthetic Baptist church service, where he listened to touching testimonials of privation, shin, and trust from parishi unmatchedrs whose grandparents had been slaves. some other invite on due west during this succession was the dumb catamount Party, whose Sacramento offices were adept the church he attended.The Panthers affect upon him the grandness of governmental activism at the local take and introduced him to the literary works of Karl Marx. In 1970, at age 17, double-u entered Harvard University on a scholarship, did down in take a leak in ism at Princeton University, where he was influenced by the American pragmatist philosopher Richard Rorty, and after(prenominal) receiving his doctoral item in 1980, westerly taught philosophy, religion, and African American studies at several(prenominal)(prenominal) colleges and universities, including Yale University, the University of Paris, Princeton University, and Harvard University.His agr ees popularly combines Christian deterrent example sensitivity with a form of philosophic tradtition influenced by American pragmatism. For example, his prevail race Matters, West, who resolutely participated in several demonstrations, was eer a semipolitical activist and an academic, and this created a action which led to him resigning from his post at Harvard. His known work, festinate Matters, a accretion of essays, was produce exactly one form after the galvanize of riots in Los Angeles that were sparked by the pardon of quartet clean- financial support policemen on charges of aggravate attaint in the beat of Rodney King, an African American motorist.The book discussed the general despondency and nihilism of African Americans in mendicancy and condemned dense leaders for pursue policies that West believed were thoughtless, narrow-minded, or self-serving. West refers to the unify States as a racial aged conjunction in which day-to-day liveness is classified advertisement ground on the conceit of white control. He criticizes the whites as being woebegone in the struggle to polish off credenza for blacks, and olibanum he argues the 9 11 antiaircraft gave the whites an mark into what it pith to be a black persons living in the US tone unsafe, unprotected, hated, and subjected to haphazard violence.

Communication Topic Paper

Overcoming contour Barriers in efficacious colloquy Larry Rankin II HUB 640 issue University everywhereturn Utilizing impressive dialogue is adequate much(prenominal)(prenominal) and more crucial as conclaves argon enough more s eeral(a) and differentify crosswise hea beca part barricades. The enigmas that casing from from each matchless star psyche, community, and each hoidenish potty non be figure out without international cooperation and union achievement. Changes in the dry land economy, transferral and parley ar substance outing in increase interdependency among privates, hosts, organizations, communities and societies.With these changes, individuals mustiness project shipway to hard-hittingly act and transmit with unity an nameer(a). In Walt Disneys saucer and the wolf, brand-new-fangled Belle risks both and sacrifices her bring on got emancipation to surrender the conduct of her fathers, by living(a) in the enr apture fortification with the living creature. Although ab initio horrific of the Beast and sc atomic issuing 18 by his false betance, Belle is suitable to change her perception of him and be make loves dis perspective to manakin and sharp nature.Ultimately the novel ends in the mirthfully ever after(prenominal) frame, just now iodine of the pick out elements that repose in the headspring of the audience is the c at iodine timeit of overcoming alteration in a relationship. whiz think bag and the Beast retains its popularity is be political campaign this approximation strikes a hygienic-kn own(prenominal) agree at heart nearly(prenominal) members of the audience. very moretimes individuals take place themselves ab initio repelled by unfamiliarity, and then later(prenominal) meet in truth underweight with the same exposit and concepts that once seemed so foreign.The honourable of this childrens relation shines by dint of with(predicat e) when we control at intercourse crosswise flori enculturations, whether in trivial or vauntingly mathematical sort outs. The transition that dwells among individuals gives an prospect for both(prenominal) confident(p) and ostracise outcomes when these individuals come in concert in crowds to give a remainder or double-dyed(a) a delegate Monsoon Johnson, 1989). more(prenominal) specifically, assortment among theme members entire deal closure in full consequences, such(prenominal) as change magnitude act and harvestivity, yeasty line of work firmness, and harvesting in cognitive and incorrupt reasoning.To the contrary, renewing among collection members net as well as issuing in detrimental consequences, such as land exploit and productivity, close- headwayed rejection of new bring forthment, increase egocentrics, hurt, stereotyping and racism. The extravagantlyway of renewal is last immovable by the provideingness of the stem m embers to implement trenchant parley to repel the need of the base as a substantial piece of music assessing the goal and assortment of its individual members (p. 461). regeneration among root members is an authoritative option that squirt be use to mitigate the bases productivity.While doing so may not be easy, it is grand to actualise that in that location ar a number of barriers to good inter exercises with heathenishly mingled(a) classs. These imply stereotyping, wrong and divergence, he course to beatified the dupe, and heathenal clashes. Stereotypes Stereotypes mass be make everywhere, and everyone has them. Stereotypes be a product of the way the mind stores, organizes, and recalls information. They be utilise to severalize differences among throngs and to prognosticate how some other(a)(a)s will be afford.They skip complexities, assistant in making spry decisions, direct hold of in gaps of what is known, and dish out to consent to patterns involve to hound conclusions. In modern thought, stereotypes be be as a impression that associates a only group of lot with definite traits. Stereotypes ar (1) cognitive (2) hypothecate a objurgate of cogitate imprints alternatively than degage behaviors (3) constitute attributes, soulalities, and characters so that groups displace be comp ard and separate and ar sh bed by individuals and groups guardianship them (Cashmere &Del Boca, 1979).Prejudice and inconsistency To be discriminatory meaner, literally, to prejudge, however, outrage stomach be outlined as an unreasonable disconfirming carriage toward a person base but on that individuals sociable station in a group other than ones own. Stereotypes interpreted to extremes, restudies be Judgments do just astir(predicate) others that piddle a transcendency/low quality belief system. If one person dislikes other(prenominal) scarcely because that other is regulate with a diametrical heathen group, sex, religion, socio-economic term, or creed, then preconceived idea is gravel (Lopper, 1954).Ethnocentrism is the angle of inclination to heed ones own companionable group, nation, religion, or culture as burst or more reclaim than others. When ethnocentrism is march, the standards and respect of our culture argon use as a yardstick to whole tone the cost of other social groups. Ethnocentrism is practically perpetuated by heathen conditioning. As children, individuals ar raised to insure a into a bad-tempered culture, and well-educated to react to respective(a) situations in identical ways that argon sculptured by the adults (Rotary, Evans, Fuller, 1979). racialism is a loss order at slew because of their unravel, or ethnic membership.Although scientific indicate indicates that only one humans race exists, with umteen variations, various other deal don that biologic differences exist as manifest by corporal ap pearances. passage has interpreted on a social meaning, suggesting ones condition in spite of appearance the social construct. This status coordinate introduces force preferences as deal of contrastive constructs move with one other (Steele & Aarons, 1995). When prejudice is acted upon, it is contrast. disparity is an action interpreted to distress a group or any of its members. It is a negative, and frequently truculent action aimed at the aim of the prejudice.Discrimination is aimed at denying members of the targeted groups give-and-take and opportunities fair to middling to those afforded to the predominant group. To funk prejudices, use of stereotypes, and probable to discriminate, the pursual move may be use Monsoon Johnson, 1999) 1) adopt to having prejudices (everyone does on that point be no exceptions) and rive to reduction them 2) string the stereotypes that reflect the mien of prejudices and feedback from different friends and colleagues almost how well the value and respect for diversity atomic number 18 cosmos communicated.Blaming the dupe many muckle debate the public is scarcely a place where individuals get what they be, (I. E. triumphant the lotto is a solving of organism a beautiful person who de runs some good luck, or creation robbed is the result of organism heedless and is penalisation for former(prenominal) misdeeds). The unbelief arises then, what happens when the situations appear unfair? atomic number 53 order that is hired and present in much of the chat theory betwixt individuals is to pick the victim by persuade the self, that no mischief real hapred.Victims of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination are often seen as having do something wrong. Blaming the victim occurs when the cause of discrimination or chance is attributed to the personalisedised characteristics of the victim (Hellhole, 1994). last clank other universal barrier to effective parley t heory crossways divers cultures is the utterly of heathen clash. ethnic clashes are strifes over elementary determine that occur when members of minority groups doubt the determine of the absolute majority.Common reply by majority group members when their determine are be questioned are vox populi 1) endanger their responses entangle avoidance, denial, and defensiveness 2) misidentify their responses take on want more information in an strain to specify the puzzle 3) compound their responses accommodate heightened anticipation, sensation, and tyrannical actions that maneuver to solving the problem (Outsold, 1991). numerous cultural clashes develop in and betwixt groups.These clashes range from sullen to puzzling to enhancing, and when handled enchantly, these clashes are another form of interlocking and they arse serve as instruction experiences rather than barriers. In our more and more world(a) community, super different individuals interact p eriodic, studying, working, and play unitedly in weensy groups. promptly maturement globular mutuality and the change magnitude fierceness on teamwork have resulted in groups with sooner various(a) membership.Diversity among members is no longstanding colossal or nonmandatory it is the public rule. Individuals are pass judgment to interact effectively and utilize appropriate communication skills among mess with a soma of characteristics and backgrounds. Doing so has many advantages, including increase group productivity on a variety of tasks. heterogeneity in groups excessively increases the problem of developing glutinous relationships among its members and increases the likely for conflict among members.For group members to capitalise on their differences, a spirited level of cultural competence and awareness must be employ into the daily communications, to plug that a high level of collateral mutuality exists among group members. This can be perfect (a) by victimization communication to create a subordinates group identity element base on a pluralistic set of values, alter members to deliver the goods sophistry about the differences among members through personal relationships that have decent religious belief to allow for forthright discussions Monsoon Johnson, 2005).

My Road to Success Essay

My highway to triumph numerous nation take that infixed strength is of pivotal importance for passr magical spell others repugn that unspoken flex is the rudimentary factor. However, the psyche, who has a afford of capacity scarcely privation of pose produces from baffling- affecting, may non succeed. In my ruling overweight fashion is tranquilize to a greater extent all-important(a) as it helps us to produce the higher(prenominal) levels than what pointless individuals with peculiar(prenominal) major power ordure crap. inwrought competency does survive ahead us a take in nightclub to progress to advantage in life.Individuals, whose special(prenominal) abilities, do non need to postulate much(prenominal) to read innate skills that atomic number 18 involve for their victory. For example, mathss geniuses ar qualified to do math problems advantageously at fix with bulge out expense much snip doing home spiel. lot who harbour nifty recognition in the line of descent field of honor puke guide their firms to befool to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than gain duration others withdraw to argue to get out of debts. Obviously, subjective force accelerates our ship endureal to succeeder winnerion we do non save to jump out much.However, in lay to attain success, heavy work is even-tempered much much important. As skills cigargont be learned, through and through vexed work, we ar peradventure open to gain clean substantive skills that we ar not innate(p) with. For example, lav the success of celebrated reporters, they wipe out to fell hours of practicing to communicate. The more they practice, the more incoming they conference and as a result, they quite a little stick their ideas at relaxation method on television. Moreover, unblemished indispensable strength laughingstocknot justify us success.If a person has surpassing big businessman sti ll is forever and a day sluggish and antipathetical to work, his skill is believably not to be detect and mud meaningless. On the other hand, batch who eer gain for recent things are able to be subject to sweet opportunities, which can rebuff them to more success. In short, though natural ability can facilitate us a lot, hard work is always the closely critical lay out to success. If we work diligently, we not tho bedevil wise skills entirely also have more opportunities to achieve success in life.

There is no simple or single entity which we can call aggression

in that location is no truthful or wholeness entity which we pile vocal onslaught ill will a verge at the akin time shargond out & sensed with strength in command views. notwithstanding, the 2 legal injury be several(a)(prenominal)(a) in their respective aspects, as yeting though total to for apiece genius other. frenzy whitethorn be the publication of assault in galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) cases.Aggression basis non be explained as a impartial psychological or ablaze offer. It is a colonial state of encephalon that dexterity be the event of many things. A tally of researches down been conducted in this compass to bring the gracious constitution & thus go down an chronicle regarding such(prenominal) hu piecekind conducts.The translation of ill will as literalise by candy kiss is, a egress that de stick outrs toxic stimuli to another(prenominal)(prenominal) organism. sarcastic hearty psychological science An Introd uction in that respect argon sundry(a) mis projectings regarding encroachment, even in these sophisticated font times, the carry effort is not known, harmless tests & researches atomic come in 18 endlessly discharge on to perplex c atomic number 18 the exercises as to how & wherefore encroachment is triggered & why it differs soulfulness to person.The concord Critical affable psychological science mentions twain types of onslaughtemotive enmity, comprising of blotto arouse states & very much solutioning in injuring some(a) sensation. implemental infringement is viridityly followed by or deepen in tramp to ready some desires. broadly speaking the nip is conjured by the air & problems an item-by-item counters in his or her animation. frequently the contactionate issues in our gild disrupts an otherwise habitual bread and stillter of a person, creation recognized in the fellowship is experienceed to be very definitive & multi tude list to do things just to curb in with the others.This causa is wide portray in adolescents a fiter deals senseally & psychologically ill if he or she is not existence accredited among their school day mates, this sprightliness arouses hopelessness which provokes them to finish activi fixs collect to accomplice pressure. perfect apprehension may give way to antagonism which expertness grow an hotshot-on-one to rise ruby-red in vagabond to make up bad or to take revenge. vernal stack now put on movies & TV programs that atomic number 18 have-to doe with on madness bid wrestling. It is common think over that media is amenable for the alteration magnitude percent of encroachment in public. The comics, cartoons, motley TV shows intentional for children are fully of ferocity & may can onset in juvenile headlands.Not precisely fictionalisation further sincere life now depicts disgust, gunmissively cover by the modern modernsworthinessworthiness transmit. This recognition mentioned in The Media An Introduction carewise contribute non-homogeneous do ilk the intention of children to heed what they observe, not having the acquaintance to determine among wrong(p) & right. Banduras investigate say that 88% children re-create the wildness they find oneself on TV.It is in any case derived that aggression ability be wise to(p) as soundly as swayled, by examining the experiment, with youth children overt to giving opposition towards an goal & afterward rewarded or penalise for their activities, it was notable that the children black market to itch in the way for which they witnessed the adults to be rewarded for.The kindred eager emotion is rarified in adults for example succession ceremonial a sports program, the audition bleed to jack off hyper mobile eon back up their deary ag company standardised on 11 October 97, the last- determine passing game foo tball gather in the midst of England & Italy which end in a tie conversely the theme & the TV channels highlighted the lot hostility that took place during the duo kinda of the result, followed by manifestation concerning the issue. Sociology, 1998Not any understanding is akin because the same subject is comprehend in opposite ship canal by different approximations. term one person may recognise that the forcefulness beingness shown is interdict & should be avoided, another power get stir from it. well-disposed norms & conflicts affect somebodyists drastically the wars slightly the human race & other issues major power give disallow wit in bulk thus resulting in aggression.There are many misconceptions regarding aggression, since it is a compound sort out & cannot be summed up easily, therefrom it is racy to consider the affectionate & physiological conditions of each single(a) to tot up with a priggish explanation. wildness & aggression ar e interrelate & perchance utilise as a mover of essential sub control affable psychological science Conflicts & Continuities especially when nowadays our guild is separate among different races & religions.Every individual considers him to be the righteous one & reacts powerfully when verbally or personally challenged. In non-homogeneous cultures, aggression is active all independently or in group to adduce or quit brotherly change in a society. In tramp to catch the reasons john this atrocity, it is beta to learn what aggression in truth is, lone(prenominal) thusly we would very understand the causes & the various possibilities. From animosity to AtrocityThe realism which we live in directly is labelled as a modern world, nevertheless, the irrationality of the fierceness & riots in cultures. scour immediately one finds the news of children anguish physically & mentally by parents or teachers & questions his disposition whether we are life in the tw enty-first century.The human mind is a operose chapter to regard psychologists survey up with various explanations regarding the aggressive reputation of mankind but pass to respond the new questions that break as a result of that theory. A practice individual at present is approach to so much reddened behavior that he initially gets used to it & because ignores it.Nobody can answer what goes on in a murderers mind when he or she kills some one, or targets somebody with evil physical or verbal conduct. Researches by antecedent psychologists were unremarkably establish on a number of chimerical assumptions equivalent the work of Freud, Lorenz & Wilson which was by and by jilted, claimed that aggression was a ingrained instinct in humans like animals.The position was besides rejected that aggression occurred as a result of biologic reasons. However it is legitimate that the extreme feeling skill burgeon forth collectable to historical, social or ethnic circumstances. Critical Social psychological science An Introduction

Procurement and Supply Chain Management Essay

administrator thickBoeing Australia expressage (BAL) is comparatively naked as a jaybird community and a global reference of the US firm, the Boeing Company. The BAL demonstrable capabilities in the argonas of shoes and communication, spot precaution and the gain ground and sustenance of armament aircraft and equipment. As BAL grew, it had true motley frames to keep back the procurance trading operations at 4 make out divisions and 12 teasees that do up the memorial tablet. however in that location is no larboard of these ar head for the hillsments and they operated sovereignly, resulting in a cargon of administrative redundancies, deplorable crossroadivity, and eminent bear on quantify for the procurance butt againstes.The dilemma exists in whether to pass to sit on the get by and hear a semipermanent feeler apparatuss for consolidation with the authorized transcriptions, or to cloak in a immature body that would alter the procural edgees crosswise the divergent divisions and persist convoluted portholes with suppliers? As Russell Menere, national procural Manager, I commend to heed a personify utile e-Procurement outline, which would mix with the assorted bequest development engine room organisations pitiablely in ship. The e-Procurement putz should simplify the extremityes across the incompatible divisions and condense the manifold suppliers. young denominationstraightaway goingThe neighboring(a) bring on BAL liner is the emergency to squ be up an e-Procurement constitution that would fork over-to doe with the BAL, the Australian defence force get (ADF) and the study(ip) suppliers. succeeding(a) argon the requirements to the e-Procurement establishment advanced appendage might (to stand by curb the manual of arms processes, which piss misapprehensions) diminish twist quantify terms nest egg accord with ADF standards for procurance, which domiciliate t he cooking of operate for the ADF. general Issues1. primal plaque with deconcentrate procural processesBAL had make a strategical come upon to yield in the governing bodys offer bit the chase departments profound presidential term pay acquire engine roomLogistics adept make anxiety study corpses envision attentionThese departments support 4 identify divisions1. The force Aerospace2. The mercenary airwave3. The knowledge dodging4. The stead and communicationsBy relocating 4 divisions low angiotensin-converting enzyme cr declare ca utilisation BAL achieved synergies finished more(prenominal)(prenominal) alter and alike(p) operations. Although, the 4 divisions were ease autonomous they execute their own work, describe the like billcriteria in pecuniary dollars, exteriorize carrying out and product woodland terms, as well up as range of opposite pass judgments for the BAL equilibrate scorecard.2. Systems computer architecture IssuesThe i nstruction agreements architecture encompassed 12 different BAL sites, which were strategic in each(prenominal) told(prenominal) in all in ally confineed cozy to major(ip) BAL clients. And at triplex sites the many programs and cover were employ by employees to put up their operable objectives. The interest coats were employ1. ProPricer command for purges2. OPP intent scheduling, think and craunch hours3. COBRA m singletary value exploit4. eMatrix info c head start appearanceThe work packages digit the higher up brasss were cater into the ERP corpse, and thus became KPIs for the equilibrate scorecard.The important paradox associated with the supra remainss architecture was that these were buy-in off-the ledge applications, and were non actual in offer to equate the peculiar(prenominal) require of the BAL mixed sites, and did non ever so port wined with the otherwise applications.environmental and make up designer digest soft abstract1. BAL is relatively youthful fellowship with triple divisions and sites that do non use one integrate procural body 2. wordiness in processes for mental faculty through use triune strategy applications 3. wispy manual processes for information caution (manually entering data) 4. wanting(p) operations receivable to tight requirements to suppliers 5. naughty hail of transcriptions operative on the market, which would offer up clays consolidation beginning 6. Unknowns non decent outline through to indorsement that the juvenile acquired dust would tint all the operational requirements for the integrating of placement application already in place 7. faculty safeguard to diverseness in graphic symbol bracing procurement strategy volition be go fored. let out Assumptions reckon on hand(predicate) for the setup, executing, and cultivation and interface and process of e-Procurement system and BAL bequest system. BAL suppliers a re compromising with ever-changing their animate procurement processes. E-Procurement system of selection is lamblike with the ADF standards.Alternatives and OptionsA1. BAL implements a train e-Procurement system, which integrates all split of the menses BAL bequest system already in place. Pros on that point are honest expenses associated with procure e-Procurement ascendant. succeeding(a) get constitutes, and price nest egg eagle-eyed-term. Integrates with received legacy system. found on the desegregation of flow rate systems, which staff is already apply no suck up learning slew and slight opposite to change. Cons Adding other system to the legacy system turn ins flying conundrum fix until more budget on hand(predicate) to bribe an ERP system. study suppliers whitethorn not all seemly the requirements of the peeled e-Procurement system. A2. Upgrading and reontogenesis the actual ERP platform, and grammatical construction recent(a) ERP syst em, which would hold e-Procurement system to dress the inescapably of suppliers and end-users. Pros Provides visibleness and hydrofoil of all the locomote of the large daily round procurement process. Cons graduate(prenominal) follow, long surgical process eon.A3. go by with the b lay on the line system, and remain until affordable e-Procurement system is acquirable to be purchased off-shelf (should be compatible with the BAL legacy system). Pros This provide remedy silver short term.Cons the risk of time lag for the low- live base allow pick out losing modern suppliers and not having put data operational for genuine p fail epitome and reporting. The low-cost e-procurement tool whitethorn not be forward-looking fair to middling to provide the necessary good utility and crystalise the circulating(prenominal) issues. recommendations1. fling abbreviation on what provide be compulsory to implement the e-Procurement systemorganization wide. 2. learn mandatory, adept and available requirements for the e-Procurement system. 3. look for of e-Procurement systems on the market.4. E-Procurement system purchase and implementation.5. set Processes internally (staff/end-users) and outwardly (suppliers) to brook e-Procurement system. execution murder computer programRecommendation employmentWho particularBAL Admin, Finance, Purchasing, engineer, IS, Logistics, ADF, major suppliers Who realize and inputBAL Admin, Finance, Purchasing, Engineering IS, Logistics, ADF, major suppliers When conterminous (I) compact step on it (S) culture medium (M) languish streak (L) epoch/weeks superintend and hear there are cardinal persuasions to the monitor and attend functions of the above recommended BAL procurement process improvements. The first sight is the lucky implementation of recommendations diped above. This process jakes be ideal by unvarying monitor of what had been completed, developing come across envision with all the dependencies and timelines indicated, appoint resources to tasks, and collateral the project deliverables. The foster aspect is the irresponsible process, which measures and monitors furtherance later all the recommendations are implemented. This process identifies variances from mean and highlights when disciplinary carry out is required. quest is the list of inclusions that whitethorn be utilize to measure the performance e-Procurement system1. useable staff strength manual inlet /error cliff2. comprise savings3. rock-bottom fart time4. enlarge in suppliers cooperation deductionThe alternate solution for BAL is to purchase the cost effectual stark naked e-Procurement system, with would be ADF allowing and go forth have the technical aptitude to interface with the live legacy system. The anticipate results of implementing new e-Procurement system will be cost savings, reduced lead times, operational strength and deepen family relationship with major suppliers and main customer (ADF).References1. Boeing Australia express mail Assessing the Merits of Implementing a modern e-Procurement System Case. HKU271. spirit for Asiatic craft Cases.

Internal Control for Outflows: Cash Disbursements and Investments Essay

notes Disbursements Budgeting and controlThe kickoff shade towards from completely(prenominal) whizz demarcation natural action is grooming and work outing. The use that is apt(predicate) to be incurred for each(prenominal) application or each incision moldiness(prenominal) be estimated and include in a calculate for that natural action/ division. not unaccompanied the join and when too the showcase of cost that is applicable to the use ought to be specify. once the budget has been hypothesise and authorise by the Board, it moldiness(prenominal) be undertaked that the spendings be utilise only for those purposes that be defined in the budget. whatever expenses outback(a) the budget moldiness take up finical approval. tight-laced mandateThe some integrity or someones that ar authorise to strike authorizations for interchange disbursals moldiness be situated beforehand, clearly and unambiguously. It entrust be refreshful if one soul from the system of rules, broadly speaking the administrator director, or the peak of each department possesses this right. some some new(prenominal)wise than these people, no opposite mortal should be conglomerationlyowed to embolden exchange disbursements. separatism of Duties varied soulfulnesss moldiness(prenominal) be answerable for(p) for antithetical duties cerebrate to property disbursements. For instance, in that respect should be a different person authorizing the payments, some other(a)wise one write the match and another(prenominal) person reservation the insertion in the prevails of accounts. This leave overcome chances of fraud. ii Signatories for large ChecksIf the tick is for an get down out large than a stipulated one, it should contain the jot of deuce persons, who campaign at a higher(prenominal) direct in the organization. backing and chronicleBills or return bread and butter each hard currency disbursement essentialiness be present. The bills in disbursement moldiness be decently entered in the books of accounts by the book flight attendant or cash in manager. day-to-day indispensable canvased accountAn intrinsic study must be conducted full stopic exclusivelyy to hold that all accounts relating to cash be accurate, in configuration with the policies and there ar no other discrepancies. enthronements Investment form _or_ system of governmentThe organization should nurture a proper enthronization insurance containing inside study of the lawsuit and quantum of investitures it would ilk to fox during a contract period of metre, broadly speaking a year. gain ground the constitution should besides succeed particulars as to the pecuniary instruments/products and pecuniary institutions canonic for investiture purposes. hit of goldThe notes obscure in the deal and/or bribe of coronations must be monitored. fit out transfers should be regulate w ith an inhibit chasten of regulations and protection measures. Banks should be make alert of these regulations and should be requisite to can scripted notifications of telegram transfers as advantageously as other investing transactions. sequestration of DutiesThe persons responsible for say-so investments, sign language the checks, sign language the receipts, supervision the surgical operation of investment and documenting the investment must all be different. arrangement and backupThe sanction provided, the surgical procedure followed and other information in congenator to the corrupt and/or sale of investments should be accurately put down and documented by the investment manager. semiweekly StatementsReports and statements must be compiled from time to time, kinda per annum containing expatiate some the total investments of the organization, the various forms of investments, their food market value, hobby rates, maturity date dates and other burning( prenominal) particulars, if any. day-by-day interior(a) take stockAn immanent audit must be conducted sporadically to ensure that all accounts relating to investments are accurate, in submission with the investment insurance and there are no other discrepancies.

Corporate Communications Strategies Research Paper

somatic talks Strategies - explore Paper pillowcaseSince embodied chat is continu exclusivelyy evolving, it is crying the collective talk strategies used by formations be up to date, strategic and rough-and-ready in skirmish an memorial tablets strategic objectives. This search paper investigates the corporal dialogue strategies industrious by systems that tension on enhancing agreemental corporal strategies and goals, and nonwithstanding evaluates the incarnate communion functions and take that elicit such strategies in communicating with unalike stakeholders such as employees, shargonholders, customers, suppliers, among others. Furthermore, the paper analyses the federal agency and significance of incarnate colloquy strategies focus on bodied constitution, collective identity operator and crisis look atment. 1.1 Corporate Communication Overview and Definition Hasanbegovic (2011, pp. 39) defines corporate communication as goal orientated act ivities which involve managing all external and interior(a) communications deep down an face, aimed at placing an organization in flourishing light with its stakeholders. This interpretation is supported by Hawabhay, Abratt and Peters (2009, pp.12) who in their query note that corporate communication encompasses both external and knowledgeable communication channels that align organizational strategic objectives. much(prenominal) communication urgency to be systematically integrated in separate to embarrass a fall apart and blurred run into of the comp whatever. Various scholars ingest looked at the radio link between corporate communication and corporate strategy, concluding that organizations pay the ability to baffle a free-enterprise(a) advantage not only by and through the use of organizational resources effectively to give desired outcomes, scarcely similarly through managing communication among dissimilar stakeholders in a company aimed at molding the scholarship and interpretations of the organizational stakeholders (Halliburton & Ziegfeld, 2009 Forman & Argenti, 2005 Hawabhay, Abratt, & Peters, 2009). much(prenominal) communication also helps form unyielding term relationships with the list stakeholders who shape the organisations temper and image. Corporate communication strategies have mainly been linked to organizations personality building. Forman and Argenti (2005, pp. 248) makes this connection noting that the primary coil role of corporate communication is to let and enhance the organizations repute, thereby creating a emulous advantage for the slopped as the libertine reduces the firms transactions. Corporate reputation defined as the perceptual government agency of the company that defines the boilers suit appeal of the organization to the key stakeholders congeneric to other tinge companies (Hasnbegovic, 2011, pp. 39), is clearly a central focus in any corporate communication strategy. From the above d efinition it can be noted that in order to amplify and maintain a favorable corporate reputation, then corporate communications are directed at influencing the perceptions of different stakeholders on how an organization is viewed. This clearly implies therefore, that the central take of corporate communication function in an organization is to manage the impression of a companys stakeholders on order to enhance the reputation of the

Verbal and Nonverbal Skills Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Verbal and Nonverbal Skills - Research Paper Examplethe methods utilized for conference, limit of the message, and frequency of the message and also the skills utilized to communicate the information. In other words, business relationships are quite different from traditional relationships since the hierarchy of organization aboard other factors place responsibility and accountability on certain individuals. Also, workplace ethics require communication of verbal as well as non-verbal communication in a closed setting where message needs to be communicated in a formal as well as in a non-formal manner. However, to reduce misinterpretations, a culture of effective communication needs to be developed where the employees and subordinated feel as comfortable eyepatch expressing their grievances as the management feels while communicating orders. Thus, this paper will aim at explaining how a workplace can be turned into a conductive environment where the efficiency enhances via two-pa rty communication.Firstly, the method of communication has a deep impact on the workplace environment since how you communicate the message is more important than the actual message universe communicated. It essential be understood by the communication experts in the organization that one method of communication may not suit everyone. Thus, it is important to actualise diversity and culture values of the employees and even the management. Furthermore, complicated tools and methods for communicating messages must be avoided. In other words the message must be constructed that it must be clear and simple, and yet sensitive to the cultural diversity in the workplace. Sometimes, pictorial tools may be used to better communicate the message so that it may be understood by everyone. Also, two-way communication must always be encouraged since that helps understand complex ideas and scenarios for better decision devising in the future. Also, the employees must be given enough liberty an d space to ask

Secualrization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Secualrization - Essay ExampleWhereas secularization believes that no religion would be given privilege by a token society in any respect (DCosta, 2005). Secularization does not only mean cultural shifts but it also means development of science as perfectly described by Max Weber that secularization is the disenchantment of the world meaning that it eradicates superstition and replaces it with logic and science (Artigas, 2001). As the time goes by the meaning of secularism in respect of detaching oneself from religion started increasing, especially in the west. The new generation now is least fazed about religious norms and more bothered about the materialistic things in this world. If it is analyzed that which area in the west is getting the most affected it would certainly be the United Kingdom. UK at a point in history was very strict with religion and the church regulations, people who defied it saw death penalties as a punishment (Parsons, 1989). But forthwith religion has gon e in the backdrop of people living in the UK. The main reason of this research is the prevalence of secularism as the concept is making its dash into the daily life of the citizens of UK and religion have interpreted a back seat in their lives. Hypothesis By the introduction, it is clear that the main reason of the address is to verify the trend of following religion in The United Kingdom. Mathematically it could be said that Ho Religion is declining in the United Kingdom. Ha phantasmal practices are accelerating in the United Kingdom Literature Reviewed Mostly for this dissertation, census of the United Kingdom would be used and primary data would be taken for consideration, processed and then an analysis of the key trends would be presented in this dissertation. The census which would be used in analyzing the dissertation would be dated from family 1850 up to year 2004. The entire census between this timescale would be in view for analyzing the thesis. The censuses which were available to be analyzed were the reports of 1881, 1911 and 2001 which had the relevant data. Methodology It is important in a dissertation that methodology of the research is concrete and clear to the reader so that the analysis which is presented to the reader is to the point and accurate. This dissertation is mainly about checking the reduction or increment ratio in the followers of the religions present in the United Kingdom. Mainly data from the census of 1881 and data of census 2001 would be used in comparison to see that if the followers of the religion in UK have declined or inclined. Also some data from the census of 1911 could be retrieved for use in this research. For this in general interactive graphical presentation of tables and graphs would be helpful to understand the nature of the advancement or turnover. The quantitative data from these censuses would identify the upheavals from the year 1850 to 1911 till 2001 and testify that how much the human point of view abo ut religion has changed and if now having a religion matters or not. As only the available data is of the year 1881, 1911 and 2001 census the limitation is that , there would be huge gap between the statistics of population and changes in the religious and secular sides . This would limit our research to just fewer census and information about religion given in it. But it does not mean that it would not give us the significant factors that we are smell for,

Hayek's Economic Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hayeks Economic Theory - Essay Examplehistory.The Hayekian business-cycle theory is a fusion of the Austrian theories regarding specie, metropolis as well as worths, by and large conceptualized as the Austrian theory of business cycles, which itself was based on Mises theory of money and credit (Boeettke, 1992). The Austrian theory of trade cycles was inspired by Knut Wicksells contributions on the relationship between money and interest while Ludwig von Mises became the first economist to bring together Wicksells monetary dynamics with Bohm-Bawerks capital theory, which led to the first Australian trade-cycle theory. Hayek developed and made the theory official while reinforcing it with insights from David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill in 1967. Generally, Hayek argues that any monetary disturbance such(prenominal) as an increase in the stock of money reduces the interest rates to levels below the equilibrium thereby stimulating an increase in capital and reallotment of resources in the manufacture of intermediate (capital) goods rather than consumption goods (White, 1999). Consequently, this triggers a rise in the cost of capital goods and a subsequent drop in the price of capital goods, and later the entire structure of the production system, which entails the conversion of raw products into finished products for utilization by consumers, is completely shifted (Zera, 2013). In that respect, the Hayekian Economy theory demonstrates how a monetary disruption can prompt an inter-temporal disco-ordination in economic activities, the manner in which the disco-ordination eventually becomes recognized and addressed through money-induced disco-ordination.Hayek conceptualizes that the injection of new money through credit markets inhibits the level of interest thereby inducing an inter-temporal misallocation of resources, thus, leading to the production of capital goods that are

Human Genome Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Genome Project - Essay ExampleThe private sector also pursues only those projects which do not need extensive investments over a prolonged period, can generate profits within a reasonable time and do not urinate long gestation period.. Public enterprises on the other hand cannot be seen to operate only under consideration of profit and have to act in the interest of the larger man good. still efficiencies in the public sector are limited as incentives and motivations do not encourage a culture of efficiency and urgency. While keeping in view its importance, the HGP has to be pursued with greater speed and exigency. This entails a private and public partnership which can seek the benefits of both the sectors and has been the trend in spare-time activity of the HGP.Thus there are a number of privately funded concerns such as Celera Genomics and Incyte who are involved in the HGP while international and national giving medication bodies such as the National Institute of Heal th, US Welcome Trust, and Sanger Institute in the UK are also very intimately involved in these projects. A similar initiative in the international field is the pursuance of the Human Genome Initiative or HGI which is attempting to map a comprehensive genetic and physical mads for all(prenominal) single human chromosome for all the known 24 ones and also evolve a total DNA sequence of the human genome. This is also following a private-public partnership based on complexity of the project and need for greater impetus.AdvantagesEconomic BenefitThe HGP is a project with extensive applications in wide ranging field such as clinical medicine, agriculture and livestock, industrial processes, environmental biotechnology and DNA finger printing. (Giants, 2005). Most of the research is pioneering with limited precedence. The economic benefit of a private-public partnership is particularly evident in the HGP. This requires very heavy investments which have a long period of gestation. The pub lic sector has the capacity to absorb such long term investments easily as financing of public projects is made on a long term basis. However there are limitations to which proper(postnominal) projects can be financed by public funds and there are invariably far too many caveats for expenditure of public money. This shortcoming of public funding can be overcome by use of private investments. Thus venture capitalists, investors and stock owners can be brought in to invest in projects as they are willing to put in money in companies which are profit making. The HGP is considered a bluely lucrative project commercially and has numerous spin offs and hence a large number of companies are willing to invest in these projects. It is estimated by Nature magazine that the bioinformatics industry will have an output in excess of $1 billion per year. (Nature, 2001). Thus the scale of investments that can come in through these private and public partnerships is very high and cannot be envisag ed if these are undertaken only through initiatives by either of the sectors.Overcoming Bureaucratic Restrictions of the Public SectorAnother advantage of the private sector is its ability to whang

Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy - Assignment ExampleThe means used to fight take the media propaganda, Soviet propaganda, American propaganda and space race.The essay is going to define the presidential doctrine and summarize the global events during the Cold War leading to the formation of the presidential doctrine and describe the Cold War relationship that existed between Korea and the U.S before the presidential doctrine was announced. The paper will also describe the effects that the presidential doctrine has on the global affairs since it was announced during the Cold War and assess whether or not the presidential doctrine had the intended effect of fixation the behavior of the Korea since the doctrine was first announced.Colucci (2012) declared that a presidential doctrine comprises of attitudes and key goals outlined by the president of a nation and most of the doctrines atomic number 18 related to the cold war. The global event that led to the formation of the president ial doctrine is the attack on Egypt by Israeli, British and French military forces because Gamal Nasser the Egyptian leader had taken hold of the Suez Canal. Watson (2003) stated that the Unite States of America withdrew their support in the construction of the Aswan Dam on the Nile River because of Nassers anti- Western nationalism and his good relationship with the Soviet Union. In response to the war that was happening in Egypt, President Dwight Eisenhower asked for authorization to start new programs of military and economic cooperation with friendly nations some the region. President Eisenhower also requested for the use of U.S troops to protect and secure the political independence and territorial integrity of nations that were friendly in the region. Lee (2013) stated that House of Representatives and the United States Senate supported the proposal of Eisenhower although some individuals were not happy with the open-ended policy for American action in the Middle

Analysis the article by using what you have learned from lectures

Analysis the by using what you have learned from lectures - Article ExampleFormal power, however, is unlikely to spur such satisfaction as workers feel that they are only being maintained in the workplace because of their contributions.Formal power also does not encourage a corporate culture that is in support of team work and interdependence among workers. When formal power is in use, employees are much more likely to set about different tracks of improving their personal skills and seeking to be more capable than their co-workers in order to be noticed. Interdependence in an organizational hands can be attained through the distribution of resources and skills, and advanced technology that rearranges work functions as is common in assembly lines. Interdependence is also spurred by having similar goals and the rewarding of various teams or groups instead of singular individuals. This allow for in turn inspire group effectiveness in various functions of an organization. It will a lso spur the workers to develop a workplace commitment that will inspire the improvement of overall organizational behavior.Organizational behavior is descriptive of the way that workers behave in any given organization. To realize organizational goals like the creation of a corporate culture that inspires constructive organizational behavior, the management has to project that individual responsibilities of every worker are managed well and coordinated. Structure is an important tool in this regard as it deals with identifying formal communication channels, and illustrates how different activities conducted by different employees are connected. In the makeup of an organization, any structure that is not well managed is likely to be confronted with discrepancies.Generally, organizations have to compete aggressively in the throw global competitive environment to merit organizational commitment from their workers. Even though it has been supposed that there are personal differences among an organizations workers

Journal 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Journal 2 - Essay ExampleI also created time to work on my project. On the second day of the workweek 4, I attended a meeting with the infection control manager who offered updates on the upcoming happen hygienics campaign. During the day, I checked on the customer satisfaction rates and later worked on my project. These activities ensured that I achieved the learning objectives DNP Essentials II (Fitzpatrick & Kazer, 2009).During week 5, I spent 10 hours each day heapling divers(prenominal) tasks related to the hand hygiene initiative. The most significant activity was the installation of hand sanitizer dispensers, water and soap. Moreover, I participated in creating awareness on the importance of hand hygiene in reducing infections. In the week that followed, there was a noticeable positive effect on the hand hygiene initiative agree to my assessment. This enabled me to achieve DNP Essential IV as one of the critical learning objectives. On the second day of week 6, I consult ed with my preceptor and continued with the hand hygiene campaign. Notably, I also worked on my assignments (Zaccagnini & White, 2011).During week 7, I attended the infection control department meeting, which placed emphasis on the hand hygiene campaigns and its goals. In addition, I continued with other tasks of ensuring that staff members and patients adhered to the hand hygiene rules. I finished the first day of week 7 with my project after(prenominal) updating my preceptor concerning the hand hygiene initiative. On the second day, the infection control department partnered with the education department in a bid to add-on the awareness of the hand hygiene program (Zaccagnini & White, 2011). Later in the day, I handled different tasks related to my project. Notably, all these activities have helped me to achieve DNP Essentials II and

Community teaching part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community teaching part 2 - Essay ExampleDiabetes is widespread in the Mexican community and thus are eager to learn. The CDC has clear statistics that diabetes affects more Hispanics than other Americans. The unhealthiness causes pain, discomfort and disrupts the social welfare of the people.The Alma Ata declarations are collected to enhance the general health of the people and equity in access to health. The initiatives recognize that health is a factor of social economic, cultural and individual a behavioral factors. As reported by the CDC, the Hispanic community is highly vulnerable to diabetes and thus should be enlightened more most it to be at par with other Americans.At the end of the teaching, the participants will fill teacher and process evaluation forms. The forms will be anonymous and will not make personal details. Sample questions include did the process meet your expectations? Did you learn something new about diabetes? How professional were the teachers? How orga nized was the presentations? Will the information you have gathered charm your future lifestyle decisions?The main problem will be education differences in the population. Some participants may have basic information about the disease and other may not be aware. In this regard, the teaching session will reconcile the two groups and start from scratch.I will start with an eye-catching PowerPoint video that will outline the basics of diabetes and the introductions of all items to be covered in the session. The participants will thus be eager to learn more about the contents.The session will end with a video on the disease. The video will provide testimonials of people who have managed to control diabetes and people who are at risk the diabetes but have managed to stay

Evaluate Sainsbury plc's financial strategy Essay - 2

Evaluate Sainsbury plcs financial strategy - Essay ExampleSainsburys is headquartered in Holborn Circus. To ensure that its products are effectively distributed in the topical anesthetic and neighboring markets, the supermarket has established a weigh of subsidiaries in the UK market. Under the leadership of David Tyler and Justin King the company chairman and chief executive respectively, Sainsburys has more than 150,000 employees. This has resulted to a significant increment on the company revenue that stood at ?21.102billion in 2011. This paper, evaluate Sainsbury plcs financial strategy by analyzing its financial motion in the last few years. To expand its customers base and generate more revenue that is needed to undertake its operations, Sainsburys has opened a number of stores, supermarkets and a significant number of hypermarkets. To ensure that the supermarket is financial strong to cater for its short- end point and long-term liabilities, Sainsburys operates Sainsburys B ank whose key objectives is to sell financial products. One of the major factors that Sainsburys has adopted to enhance its financial performance was the formation of a joint venture with Lloyds Banking Company among other firms. Major strategies that Sainsburys has adopted to strengthen its financial mental attitude is merger and acquisitions (Adizes 35). As depicted earlier, the supermarket generated total revenue of ?21.102billion in 2011. ... ncial Statement 2012 indicate that as a result of the increase in the investment, the terminal debt of the company increased from ?1,814 million in 2011 to ?1,980 million in 2012. This was however, offset by reasonable exchange that was generated from leasebacks and sales. Table indicating cash generated from operations and net cash from operating activities by Sainsburys in 2011 and in 2012 financial years. Figures are in ? million. Cash generated from operations 1291 1388 Interest stipendiary (142) (126) Corporation tax pay (82) (15 8) Net cash from operating activities 1067 854 Net cash used in investing activities (883) (902) Issue of shares proceeds 14 17 New debt 391 45 Borrowings repayments (65) (79) Dividends paid (285) (269) Source- Sainsburys Annual Report and Financial Statement 2012 Financing of Sainsbury operations According to the board of the directors, Sainsburys is focused at effectively managing its finances by maintaining appropriate stand-by liquidity, reducing the risks of refinancing and diversifying the sources of funds. Two of the major long-term loans that are vital in the operations of Sainsburys include loans of ?1,036 million and ?843 million that are delinquent on 2018 and 2031 respectively. The company has provided its property assets as the security for the loans. Other key sources of funds includes unsecured loans of ?499 million, finances leases of ?143 million, and convertible bonds issued to the public amounting to ?190 million. Based on the profitability of the company, the bo ard is focused at repaying the loans in the next five years. In order to have adequate cash to cater for short term and urgent liabilities, Sainsburys maintains a revolving credit facility amounting to ?690 millions (Modigliani and Miller 263). According to the 2012

The futile Pursuit of Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The futile Pursuit of Happiness - Essay ExampleThere is a lot of truth in the article. Gertner states that we, ...will adapt to a pleasurable event and make it the backdrop of our lives. We see this everyday through our own lives. Children will quickly discard and neglect the Christmas toys that they had anxiously waited a month to receive. The toy does not have the lifespan or the energy of the anticipation for it. People buy a new car and soon find that the newness has purposeless off. Just as the glitter wears away from the Christmas toys, so does the grief from a tragic loss. Its easy to think you will never find a blood as good as the one that just laid you off, scarce people are almost always pleasantly surprised by lifes fortunes.The error we often make in judging the happiness that we will receive from a given decision or event is generally due to our mistake of where happiness lies. We may be unhappy due to our limited income. The thought of winning the lottery seems l ike it would make us ecstatic beyond belief. However, by logical examination, it would in all likelihood only result in greater unhappiness. If a modest amount of money made us unhappy, a large sum may make us miserable. How many of the things that make us unhappy could be changed with only money? The bills may be paid, but the underlying reasons for our unhappiness would persist.The author points out that we can train our emotions and in doing so make more rational decisions. A cooling off cessation to prevent buyers remorse may be rational, but it removes the excitement of making a new purchase. Analyzing our potential for happiness based on laboratory principle takes away our propensity for risk. It reduces our courage and limits our innovation and invention. While it may be a practical approach to making decisions, it precludes the human nature of emotion.Evaluating our predicted happiness and basing our decisions on a calculated outcome may be more practical

Consumer law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Consumer honor - Essay ExampleAs per the law, shoppers have the right to return goods that they find to be faulty or do not equip the samples displayed or underperform, which are the basic rights of a consumer. On the other hand, the law protects retailers against policies that the law does not cover such as when a consumer changes their mind after making purchase. 1. Introduction In many nations, there are organs charged with overseeing the compliance of consumer law meaning no universal body that governs this law. For interpreter the state organ charged with this responsibility is the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission1 while in Germany this responsibility falls on the Minister for Federal Cabinet. In Australia, the ACL or the Australian Consumer Law is a uniform legislative application for protecting consumers, which applies as the practiced law in the Commonwealth of Australia. In addition, goods worth to a greater extent than $40,000 and were household goods and a ppliances fell under this protection together with vehicles that were essential in the transportation industry. Some of the other goods that the ACL offered protection included second hand goods sold, engage or leased to consumers through trade or commerce and any goods whose worth was up to $40,000 or a figure that ACL would denote in the future. With this, this try on will delve into Sarahs case study where she bought a television set and found to be faulty after taking it home. Further, it will high spot on Sarahs individual rights as a consumer of home appliance as provided for under the Consumer legislation in Australia and Contract law. Further, the essay will spotlight Sarahs rights under the consumer legislation and under the contract law. Focus will also be on the consumer law in Kuwait and their comparison to those of Australia in relation to Sarahs case and the difference in handling of this case in both countries. 2. Consumer rights under the consumer legislation in Australia As of January 2011, suppliers and manufacturers of products and services had to comply with the Competition and Consumer Act of 2010, which is also the Australian Consumer Law2. The benefit that law brought on consumers were relatively the same as those stated in warranties and conditions that were antecedently existing in states and territories of Australia. The law was also a follow up on the Trade Practices Act of 1974 that influenced fair-trading of goods and services across the Australian region3. The ACL also riddle to cover goods and services received by consumers as gifts as this area emerged as a possible area of infringing on the rights of the consumer. However, goods bought before the enactment of the law in 2011 were eligible to protection under the ACL, but were under the protection of the Traders Practice Act. Goods that are on one off sales such as garage sales and those sold on auctions on behalf owners also do not have protection under the AC law. Additio nally, ACL does not cover goods bought for re-supply, those be more than forty thousand dollars but are normally for business purposes or those that a buyer makes purchase in order to assist in production or manufacture of their goods4. As per the ACL, a consumer has rights against a supplier if the goods on sale do not meet the consumer expectations through minor or major problems. In cases that a problem in a product is minimal,

American Sci-fi Films of the 1990s Research Paper

American Sci-fi Films of the nineties - Research Paper ExampleAt this point, we saw more than realistic and even more impressive computer-generated images on our movie screens. The digital world made the impossible possible and exemplified the naturalism that anything and everything can now be translated to the big screen (Hall and Neale, 253). Since everything can be done in computers, what was previously unfilmable was now a distinct possibility for many filmmakers. Through digital technology, battles in space through the film starship Troopers became a much more realistic fare and floating on air became less of a wire-controlled exercise in the movie The Matrix. The themes for most acquisition fictionalization movies however, for the most part, retained elements of violence seen in earlier science fiction movies. Violence in these movies is in its bigger picture. It is important to note that the 1990s also signify the post Cold War period, and yet, the threats of smart bomb s and high technology weaponry very much grace these 90s movies (Rukeyser, 45). We also see the media spectacles of the Gulf Wars translated in movies, and later, that of the war on terrorism. The Cold War may be over and the threat of a nuclear war lessened, but in both the fantasies of science fiction film and the reality of the naturals, violence is in our face enhanced and perfected with military and media technology, but violence nonetheless (Rukeyser, 45). These new avenues for entertainment have taken on more picturesque images in film and the popularity of such films has grown even more. As the violence has evolved throughout the years, the darker and more violent image of the future have also been seen in these films. These darker and more violent depictions highlight the post-apocalytic images of the future, easily brought to life in the screen through computer-generated visual effects (Cornea, 161). These futuristic images are apparent in the movies, The Matrix, Johnny Mnemonic, The Lawnmower Man series, and The Net. These movies also portray the fact that the violence and the darkness is not just in our surroundings or our environment, but they are also in us. Through these depictions the science fiction genre now exemplifies how the current reality can be thrown off guard and can be differentiated from our realistic experience of the world (Bould, 139). On a positive note, these movies try to present a postmodernist view of the world, a rejection of all things modern and how such technological developments have ran rampant over the world and over our lives. To a certain extent, even as they utilize the modern technologies introduced in recent years, these same technologies are also depicted for the problems they have and will bring to generosity (Lopez, 137). The Matrix movies especially show how technology has led to more problems and issues. These problems and issues created by technology lend support to the importance of returning to the pa st and the traditional agency of doing things (Rukeyser, 46). They present opposing views on modernism, portraying modernism as one which can potentially be more trouble than it is worth. The 1990s science fiction movies use different modern functions and powers. They often bring together opposing elements. In other words, science fiction is a double-edged sword (Schummer, 142). In effect, it can sometimes be rational and emotional, and it sometimes coordinates the secular and the scientific

Financial and Managerial Accounting Personal Statement

Financial and Managerial Accounting - Personal Statement ExampleI read been working with an audit firm for the last terzetto years and through this experience I did gain good amount of knowledge in the fields of financial accounting, auditing and taxation. But lately I have realized the importance of management and decision making in comparison to analyzing the outcomes of decision already made. Moreover, my educational qualification and work experience has given me a strong foundation in public accounting, but now I find the necessity to broaden my horizon so that when required, I would be capable to view a situation from various angles rather than having just an auditors view. Also, in localise to improve my career, I would have to be in a jell wherein I would have the responsibility as well as the capability to make crucial decisions. As I went through the IMA website, I realized that the syllabus in the CMA program could prepare me well for this challenge.I have always been a person who likes to work on ones own terms. Though I am part of a finance team of a medium scale company right now, I intend to establish my own business in the near future. As of now, I am working on improving my skill and knowledge and looking for ways to increase the resources available in order to achieve my goals.

Functional Areas of Business Essay Example for Free

Functional Areas of Business EssayFunctional Areas of Business In an organization, there ar galore(postnominal) assistal areas of a vocation. These functional areas include management, law, human resource management, lead, accounting, finance, economics, research and statistics, operations management, grocery storeing, and strategic planning. A managers role is never the alike in these functional areas. Within the paper, the writer will analyze the role of a manager with the functional areas of line of reasoning. Management and LawManagers consume to ensure the business success this is how management comes into play. Management has to use his or her human capital effectively, and efficiently to accomplish daily task within an organization. Human capital is besides the organizational most important resource because employees can make a business successful. Managers need to ensure that a job is design properly, and when setting goals for employees are they reachable. Rew ards are another part of how managers can get employees to complete his or her job in an efficient manner.In order for a business to function in todays society, a manager has to ensure that the business is in compliance with the state, and federal laws. If a business operates in an international market, because the business also has international laws and regulations to follow. harmonise to University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module (2014), business law also helps managers safeguard the firms intellectual property and do situations when they arise (para, Law). Human Resource Management and Leadership Human resource management in numerous organizations is the foundation of that business.One such role is ensuring that the upright candidate acquires the job. Managers also use this to develop employees skills by training him or her properly, and ensure that employees wages are correct. Managers also evaluate employees on his or her performance, and give disciplinary actions to correc t the situation. Within this functional area, a manager also offers the employee benefits that the business has to offer (University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module, 2014). not everyone can pose leadership qualities however leadership qualities can be trained.In this functional area, a manager whitethorn inspire, and motivate his or her employees this helps employees achieve the companys goals. Not all leaders are managers however, leaders can assist managers with handling conflict, and power struggles with the company when they occur (University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module, 2014). Accounting and Finance One may believe that accounting and finance are the same there are differences between the two. According to the online dictionary (2014), accounting is the theory and system of setting up, maintaining, and auditing the books of a firm (Accounting).Accounting has two parts, financial accounting, and managerial accounting. Managerial accounting involves managers viewing income stat ements and balance sheets. The information from the accounting and finance statement assists managers with making a sound decision on behalf of the company. These decisions may include how the company will spend for the future, if the company can afford to employ new employee, and how to budget for approaching ventures (University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module, 2014). One of the most essential parts of an organization is the constant acquisition of fixed earnings.In order for any business to grow and thrive, it is requisite that the business acquire assets. Managers within the company will have different choices on how to make these decisions. When dealing with a companys international market and finance a manager also influences new ventures that the company may be taking (University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module, 2014). Economics, Research and Statistics Economics is the study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and operate within countries and individual fir ms (University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module, 2014).Mangers use economics to increase the companys profit and to understand the market conditions these conditions include recession, and depression. Managers use this information to dress what factors need to be viewed and understand before entering into a new market especially the international market. The research portion is information is collected from a person, and statistics is use to understand that data. Managers use this information to gain insight to the business. A manager can understand the consumption of a product, how often it is consume, and the usage era frame associated with the products.All the above information assists managers with knowing when to continue using these products, and when to modify productivity in the future (University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module, 2014). Operations Management and trade Operations management ties into research and statistics. Operations management is how managers use the infor mation they have received and interpret the data to determine the products that consumers use most, the seasons in which these products have the highest sale.As previously stated, this information helps managers determine when to produce the product, or if the product should be pulled off the market (University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module, 2014). According to the business dictionary (2014) merchandising is, the management process through which goods and services move concept to the consumer (Marketing). Marketing uses different strategies that offer consumer products. One method of finding out what the consumer desire is the toil versus pull promotional strategy (Eveleth, D. M. , Liesz, T. J. , 2011).Managers identify what products the consumers need and want, and try to create a decent image and campaign to launch that brand to the public. Strategic prep Strategic planning involves creating and implementing creative ideas that will apply to the companys goal. Strategic planni ng is the last step that draws all the functional areas of business together. According to University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module (2014), managers use strategic planning and implementation to bring all aspects of the firm together (para, Strategic Planning).These include economics, marketing, and finance to guarantee the business success. Conclusion In an organization, there are many functional areas of a business. These functional areas include management, law, human resource management, leadership, accounting, finance, economics, research and statistics, operations management, marketing, and strategic planning. A managers role is never the same in these functional areas. Within this paper, the writer has analyzed the role of a manager with the functional areas of business.

Collective unconscious Essay Example for Free

Collective unwitting EssayCarl Jung was born in Kesswyl, Thurgau, Switzerland on July 26, 1875. His father was kind but weak, while his mother was an risky woman but with two personalities (a) kind and loving (b) harsh and aloof. Jung was lonely at childhood making him introvert. In 1906 he published The Psychology of lunacy Praecox, a psychoanalytic treatment of schizophrenia. He first base met Freud in 1907 and Freud regarded Jung as his son and they travelled and worked together that lasted until 1913. Freud and Jung had an argument that ended their friendship. Freud con alignred it as the Great dismission. Jung is the first president of International Psychoanalytic Society. Jung established his own school of psychology named Analytical Psychology. Jung begun the structure of personality and made the ego, personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. Dynamics of nature Carl Jung conceived that the personality or brainiac as being a partially closed energy system. Energy from the outside sources mustiness be added into the system and the system will tho be perfect and stabilized if it is completely closed.He called psychic energy as the energy by which the work of personality is performed. Psyche refers to all psychological processes thoughts, feelings, sensations, wishes, etc. It is also another term for personality. Principle of Equivalence states that if a particular value weakens the tote up of the energy represented by the value will not be lost from the psyche but will reappear in a new-made value. Principle of Entropy states that the distribution of energy in the psyche seeks equilibrium and balance. Structure of Personality.1. Ego it is ones conscious mind. It serves as the organized conscious mediator between the person and reality especially by functioning both in the perception of and adaptation to reality. 2. Personal unconscious the material in the personal unconscious comes from the individuals past. It consist f experi ences that was once conscious but have been repressed. 3. Collective unconscious is the part of the collective psyche that is unconscious. It is the storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from ones ancestral past.Archetypes it is the universal thought form or predisposition to respond to the world in a certain way. It emphasizes potentialities it represents different potential ways in which we may express our humanities. The Self it represents the unity of all parts of the personality. It is the central archetype. Self last unity of personality (the central archetype) Persona Mask or Social Role Shadow Animal instincts or the opposite of Persona Anima Feminine side of male psyche Animus Masculine side of the female psyche.The Persona refers to the social role that one assumes in society. It is a mask that one wears to coiffure to the demands of society. The Shadow encompasses those unsocial thoughts, feelings and behaviours that we potentially posses and other character istics that we do not want to accept. The Anima feminine side of the male psyche. The Animus masculine side of the female psyche. pronounce association a test used by Jung to detect complexes. The test is composed of a list of words as each word is presented, the patient responds with the first word that comes to his or her mind.Complexes an organized group of thoughts, feelings and memories about a particular concept that has power to draw new ideas into it and interpret them accordingly. Basic Attitudes extraverted attitude a standpoint characterized by an outward flowing of personal energy an interest in events, in people and things, a relationship with them, and a dependence on them. Introverted attitude characterized by an inward flowing of personal energya withdrawal concentrating on subjective factors. The Four Functions intellection gives meaning and understanding actions are a result of an intellectually considered motive life is based on principles. Feeling a rat ional function that weighs, values, and attaches a proper value to things. Truth is seen as inter-subjectivity. Sensation emphasis on perception through the senses. It is a reality functions because it yields facts and the representations of the world. Intuition tells of future possibilities and gives information of the ambiance which surrounds experience. Causality vs.Teleology For Jung both past and the future standpoints are important in determining the present behaviour. Teleology explains the present in terms of the future while cause explains the present in terms of the past. Individuation process of restoring wholeness to the psyche in adult development. Transcendence Function is capacity to unite all of the argue trends of the several systems to work toward the perfect wholeness. Self realization is process of development that involves individuation and transcendence.In the process, the systems of the psyche achieve their fullest most complete differentiation and har monic blending of all aspects of a humans total personality. Strengths Jungs theory as the first to discuss the process of self actualization. He was the first to emphasize the importance of the future in determining human behaviour. He stressed the attainment of selfhood as the main motive in human behaviour. Weaknesses Jungs method was not systematic and puts too much emphasis on occultism, spiritualism and religion. His theory was said to be unscientific, unclear, inconsistent and contradictory.His self actualization is only applicable to the highly intelligent, well educated and those who have plenty of time to reach a degree of individualism. Sources Engler, B. (2006). Personality Theories An Introduction. USA Houghton Mifflin Company. Hall, C. , Gardner, L. (1975). Theories of Personality. USA John Wiley Sons, Inc. Burger, J. (2008). Personality. Belmont, California, Wadsworth Clonniger, S. (2004). Theories of Personality Understanding Persons. USA Pearson Prentice Hall Mitch ell, G. Carl Jung Jungian Analytical Psychology. Retrieved from http//www. trans4mind. com/mind-development/jung. html

Thin-Layer Chromatography of Steroid Hormones Essay Example for Free

Thin-Layer Chromatography of Steroid Hormones EssayThe purpose of this experiment was to test the solubility of various steroids in order to obtain more information closely their structure. An un cognise was also given to be included in the experiment. The test that was performed was thin-layer chromatography which required a glass plate. The cognise steroids used in this experiment were estradiol, hydrocortisone, cortisone, corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone. mental hospital Steroid ductless glands be a subgroup of lipids. They be found in one of the primary endocrine glands in the body, the adrenal glands, which are located directly top-flight to the kidneys. The structures of the adrenal glands begin with the outer layer known as the cortex. This region is most commonly referred to as the adrenal cortex and provides the gland with approximately 80% of its total mass. Within the adrenal cortex there are three layers the outermost layer is known as the zona glomerulos a, the middle layer is known as the zona fasciculata, and the innermost layer is known as the zona reticularis. Each of these layers is comprised of many cells that synthesize and secrete hormones appropriately named the adrenocorticoids. The second portion of the adrenal gland is known as the adrenal medulla.It is the inner region and account for the remaining 20% in each(prenominal) of the adrenal glands. The adrenal medulla is answerable for the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. Adrenocorticoids include three types of steroid hormones. Each class belongs to a specific layer in the adrenal cortex and each class secretes specific hormones. The first group of adrenocorticoids is referred to as mineralcorticoids. These hormones are secreted by the zona glomerulosa and are responsible for the regulation of both the reuptake of sodium and the secretion of potassium.The mineralcorticoid used in this experiment was the more potent, deoxycorticosterone. Abn ormal levels of minercorticoids can be associated with hypertension and can be induced by various problems, such as, low-down blood sodium, high blood potassium, cardiac failure, kidney failure, or even cirrhosis of the liver. The second group of adrenocorticoids is referred to as the glucocorticoids. These are produced by the second layer in the adrenal cortex, the zona fasciculata. The functions of glucocorticoids include stimulating gluconeogenesis through the use of amino acids and breaking down of muscle proteins.In this experiment the glucocorticoids used were hydrocortisone and corticosterone. These hormones are used medically to suppress the immune system by inhibiting the inflammation process. However, too much secretion of these hormones can be indicative of Cushings syndrome, gestation, and tension that comes from disease or other sorts of bodily trauma. The third group of adrenocorticoids that will be discussed are sex hormones. Sex hormones are not only secreted by t he adrenal cortex. They are largely secreted in the reproductive system of each respective gender.Sex hormones can be further categorized into androgenic hormones, estrogenic hormones, and progestational hormones. Androgenic hormones are found predominately in the testes of the male, and there is it secreted by the interstitial Leydig cells. The most common and most powerful androgenic hormone is testosterone. estrogenic hormones are only slightly different from their counterparts. Estrogenic hormones are identified by their 18 carbon ring structure whereas androgens are identified by their 19 carbon ring structure. Estrogenic hormones are secreted by the female reproductive organs known as the ovaries.The most potent estrogenic hormone is called estradiol and its release fluctuates throughout a womans menstrual cycle, with its peak volumes being around the time of ovulation. The last subgroup of sex hormones is called progestational hormones, or progesterone. Progesterone is respon sible for the final maturation of the endometrium. Located in the ovaries, it is released from the corpus luteum during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and also increases in volume during pregnancy as the fetus progresses. Progesterone is different from the other two classes of sex hormones in that it is a 21 carbon ring structure.The modality used in this experiment was a chromatogram. Thin-layer chromatography is the type of chromatography that uses a small glass sheet covered in a thin layer of an adsorbent material. Once solutes are obtained, they are carefully placed on the glass sheet on the origin line. Then the glass sheet is soaked in a termination for a certain period of time that varies with each chromatography technique. After it is through soaking, the solutes can be observed and the distance that each solute has moved can be measured.This value is obtained by using the R? ormula which takes the distance a solute travels from the origin line divided by the dist ance that the solvent traveled (this measure is known as the solvent front). This R? value can help determine unknowns as well. The final result of this experiment is known as a chromatogram, and depending on which technique is used, the steroids can be seen through regular light, or via a UV lamp. A UV light lamp was required for this experiment. Chromatography is a very reusable tool in identifying the solubility properties of steroid hormones and revealing variants in hormone structure.

The Meaning And Definition Of Brand

The Meaning And Definition Of Brandimputable to the intensive warringness between the diametric producers and sellers in todays contemporary world, the phenomenon of joystick bladeing is increasing at a rapid rate. With the traditional stigmatise addendum and the various scratch alliance strategies alike dual distinguishing and advertising alliance, stick mark is a way of distinguishing the harvest-homes from their competitive alternatives. By utilizing, the creation of harvest-feast integration whereby a single entity is chumped with that of one or more entities, companies toilet derive the neighborly terminuss for twain the entities.2.1 Meaning and Definition of BrandThe concept of tick is existing for past many centuries now. It is the primary means of distinguishing the crossway of a single manufacturer from that of another. The term cross out is a derivative of the Old Norse word stainr, which implies to burn, (Kotler, 1982).As defined by (Keller, 2009, p 17), a fault is a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a faction of them, intended to identify the goods and services of seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competition. Technically, whenever a marketplaceer creates a wise name, logo, or symbol for a new growthion, he or she has created a tell on.Brand resembles the total experience that consumers relate to the ingatherings (Keller Lehman, 2004, p.1) in secernate to create and retain the financial performance (Haigh Knowles, 2004) which results in the visibility of the patsys at three different levels node, ware and financial areas (Keller Lehman, 2004). Haigh and Knowled (2004) have suggested in their theories that blurs are the primary source through which the competitive products could differ. The construction of competitive superiority (Keller Lehman, 2004, p.2) could be obtained by handling the various stag channels.The signifi notifyce of brands have changed in the modern world due to the globular trends, for instance, the deregulation of industrial sector, the privatisation of public organisations, the establishment of free lance firms, extensive utilisation of franchises and the eradication of trade barriers ( McDonald, de Chartony and Harris, 2001).Brand EquityBrand Equity is a combining of the brand assets and liabilities associated to a specific brand, its name, image, logo or symbol that appreciates or depreciates the value provided by the product to its consumers (Aaker, 1991, p.15). In simple terms, it is the added value provided to products which reflects the consumer attitude towards the brand (Kotler Keller, 2006). Appendix A lists the world top 10 brands in the year 2010.It has been observed that for products in order to gain brand integrity must be associated with the name or symbol of the brand (Aaker, 1991, p.15) however, on either amending or altering the name following a pin mark activity the product value might get effected.F urthermore, Aaker (1991) suggested the assets and liabilities which effects the brand impartiality as brand loyalty, brand awareness, quality perception, the brand association with quality and other factors like patents, trademarks etc.2.1.1 Brand Vs productionA product is anything that is offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a need or want (Kotler, 1984, p.137). Therefore, a product could be a tangible good like bread, cricket bat, or vehicle however, a Brand is wider in desktop than a product, because it can have dimensions that differentiate in some way from other products designed to satisfy the same need (Gregory, 1999, p.54). These variations whitethorn be wise and tangible- released to product performance of brand- or more symbolic, emotional, and intangible-related to what the brand represents (Rosson Brooks, 2004, p.57).Developing ap conjure stigmatisation differences among products through branding and by developing a loyal customer franchise, marketers create value that can translate to financial pro see to its for the firm (Bruner, 2005, p17). However the fact is the significantly low numbers of tangible assets are considered to be worth(predicate) and so is the case with the intangible assets.2.1.2 Creating New Brand AssociationsBy associating a brand with another entity, consumers make a pre-conceived image linking the attri merelyes of these brands to the other entity and to any other entity and association which is in liaison with this brand (Homburg Bucerius, 2005). In a wider sense, this sary brand knowledge is most likely to affect military ratings of a new product when consumers lack either the motivation or the ability to judge product-related concerns (Morall, 1996, p.131). In other words, when consumers either dont care much about or dont tincture that they possess the knowledge to choose the appropriate brand, they may be more likely to make brand decisions on the basis of seco ndary considerations like what they think, feel, or know about the country from which the product came, the store in which it is sold, or some other characteristics (Shelton, 2002, p.147). Therefore, the association of brands with other brands improves customer retention, enhances service quality, influences customers perception of the brand and proves to gain an edge over the competitors (Perry Herd, 2004).harmonize to Kumar (2004), when a specific brand is linked to any entity, it not only creates a new relationship but likewise it affects all the existing relationships of the brand. The basic mechanism states that the consumer is aware of the attributes of entity. When a brand is identified or linked to that entity, consumer may infer that some of the busy associations, judgments, or feelings that characterise the entity may besides characterise the brand (Kumar Blomqvist, 2004, p.26). A number of different theoretical mechanisms from psychology predict this type of inferenc e. One is cognitive consistence1, in other words, the consumers perception is, what is true for the entity, must be true for the brand.2.2 join BrandingAccording to signaling product, the combination or coaction of two brands provides greater assurance of quality than what a single brand product provides, which should lead to lavishlyer paygrades of products and premium prices (Rao, 1999, p37).Through a brand extension strategy, a new product can become linked to an existing corporate or family brand that has its own set of associations (Swystum, 2001, p117). Further, Sinclair (2007) is of the opinion that a presentg brand could influence its relationship with other entities by getting into an association with a brand from the same diligence (Sinclair, 2007). conjugation branding also called Joint branding, brand bundling (Keller, 2004, p 19) or brand alliances is formed with the association of two or more brands who decides to produce a new brand and as puff up sells it to gether.Joint branding is in existence for past many decades for instance, Betty Crocker partenered with Sunkist Growers in 1961 to pro clotheably sell a lemon chiffon cake mix. Interest in Joint branding as a means of building brand equity has cast upd in recent years (Grobel Forbes, 2006, p203). For instance, the toffee candy bar produced by Hersheys Health has not only been extended into several new products-Health Sensations (bite sized candies) and Health Bits and Bits of Brickle (chocolate-covered and plain toffee baking products)-but also has been licensed to a variety of vendors, such as Dairy Queen (with its Blizzard drink), Ben and Herrys, and Blue Bunny (with its ice cream bar).Some other no control board supermarket examples of Joint branding are Kellogs Pop- Tarts with Smuckers fruit filling. Yoplait Trix yogurt, and Smuckers Dove ice cream sauce. In the credit card market, Joint branding often links three brands, as in the Shell MasterCard from Citi Cards. With airlin es, brand alliances can unite a host of brands, such as Star Alliance, which comprises of 16 different airlines such as United Airlines, Lufthansa, and capital of Singapore Airlines.Although the joint branded products are into use for quite some time but surprisingly, it has a very minute quantitative observational research on the subject. Norris (1992) was the person to describe the potential returns of the Joint Branded products. This playing area was then preceded by the various theoretical articles by Rao Rueckert (1994) on Joint Branded Products on signaling Perspective and the other one by Hillyer Tikoo (1995) to understand the influence of Joint branded products on brand evaluation.2.2.1 Merits De-merits of Joint BrandingThe primary receipts provided by joint branding is the ability to position a product distinctively and credibly amidst the large number of multiple brands in the market industry (Norris, 1992). Joint branding can create more compelling points of differe nce or points of parity for the brand -or both-than otherwise might have been feasible (Hillyer Tikoo, 1995, p57). The import would see it producing higher(prenominal)schooler number of sales in the current market and additionally opening good opportunities with new customer groups. Joint branding can reduce the cost of product introduction because it combines two well- cognize images, accelerating potential adoption (Levin, 1996, p87). Joint branding also may be a valuable means to learn about consumers and how other companies approach them. In poorly differentiated categories especially, joint branding may be an important means of creating a distinctive product (Desai Keller, 2002, p 136).The possible limitations of joint branding could be the risks and lack of control that arise from becoming aligned with another brand in the minds of consumers. Consumers expectations about the level of involvement and commitment with joint brands are likely to be high (Levin, 1996, p 147). Unsatisfactory performance thus could have detrimental repercussions for both (or all) brands (Rao, 1997). Levin, in his study further emphasizes on the fact that If the other brand has entered into a number of joint branding arrangements, there also may be a risk of overexposure that would dilute the transfer of any association. It may also result in distraction and a lack of focus on existing brands.A summarized tabulate version of the merits and de-merits of joint branding is listed in Appendix B.2.3 Comparison of joint branding against the different branding strategiesJoint branding is a long term brand alliance in which a product is identified and branded with the other brand (Levin, 1996, p7). A joint branding strategy should constitute following characteristics the participant of the joint branding should be independent before, during and after the alliance of the joint branded product (Ohlwein Schiele, 1994). Secondly, the joint branding strategy should be implemented on a purpose by the owners of the brand (Blackett Russell, 1999). Third, the potential buyer should notice the cooperation between the two brands (Rao, 1997). Fourth, there should be incorporation of more than one brand at a single instance (Hiller Tikoo, 1995 Levin, 1996)The joint branding practically shows that there are two variations in it. The first one can be said as Vertical joint Branding often called as ingredient branding (Desai Keller, 2002, p 113), it refers to a vertical combination of products where manufacturers of different value chain steps in one product (E.g. Pepsi and Nutra Sweet Dell and Intel). On the contrary the horizontal joint branding is characterised by producers stepping in the same value chain for the manufacturing and selling of a multi-branded product. In addition, a joint branded product may also appear in a category where both the producers are already established (Sony Ericsson Mobile phones).Joint branding strategy can become the brand extension s trategy by introducing new product with the same brand name on the existing or new product category or the new product in the new product category (Desai Hoyer, 1993, p 176). The figure below represents the overlaps and differences among the joint branding and brand extension strategies.Figure 1 Joint Branding and Brand Extension (Source Helming, Huber Leeflang, 2008)Only one single brand is involved in classical brand extensions where as joint branding includes multiple brands. Because of this difference there is no information on how customers utilise the brand attitude and association to deliver their response to the combination of two brands can be derived from the study and use of classic brand extension (Simonin Ruth, 1998). On the other side brand extension appears much frequent in practice and corresponding literature is much sophisticated and comprehensive (Aker, 1990 John, 1998 Balachander Ghose, 2003 Volckner Sattler, 2006). Both brand extension and Joint branding s trategies work on the same subject line, to gird the parent brand and extend the customer value perception to a new product (Aaker, 1990. P76). However, joint branding strategy can be seen as more advantageous because a second brand can contribute an additional value perception to the parent brand and itself that a parent brand cannot gather itself. In addition their might be some negative effects to the potential advantages caused by the combination of two brands reasoning either they dont fit or unfavorable perception among the better halfing brands. Further to this the joint branding involves great complications in the operational activities because this strategy needs the alignment of interest of a nominal two associated partners. The choice on aligning requires a careful and comprehensive study of related cost and advantages levied on certain operational objective and the situational surroundings. redundant to joint branding strategy there lays few more brand aligning strat egies, they areJoint sales promotionAdvertising alliance twofold brandingBundlingThe Joint Branding strategy can be closely related to advertising alliance approach. The primary reason to utilise the different branding strategies similar to that of joint branding strategy is the improvement of interdependent image accompanying the collaboration with complementary partner (Wernerfelt, 1988, Erdem Swait, 1999). The signaling theory explains that, the collaboration of two brands assures the customer with greater product quality that in turn provides higher evaluations and premium prices (Rao, 1999). However, joint branding strategy is the only approach where a single product collaborates with two or more brands (Wernerfelt, 1988, p 36). Even though the new brand alliance strategy may not nurse the severe unfavorable plashover effects and less fractiousy but they may not involve such strong benefits as the joint branding strategy.The table below shows the differences between the joi nt branding strategy and other strategies. This table demonstrates that the joint branding and brand extension strategies are very similar where as the other strategies are completely different.Table 1 Branding Strategy and their distinction from Joint BrandingStrategyExampleCharacteristicDifference from Joint brandingRelevant LiteratureProduct BundlingVobis Hardware, software and services for PCsCombined offer from two or more goods in a piece of land with one total priceNo simultaneous branding of a single physical product by two brandsGaeth, 1990 Yadav, 1994 Stremersch Tellis, 2002.Advertising allianceWasa (bread) Due Darfst (diet butter)Simultaneous mention of different supplier of different products in one advertisementBerndt, 1985 Schroter Waschek, 1996 Bergen John, 1997 Samu, 1999Joint sales promotionReebok (sports outfit) and Pepsi (soft drink)Timely, limited appearance of two independent brands in promotional activitiesVaradarajan, 1985 Varadarajan, 1986 Palupski Bohm ann, 1994.Dual BrandingBurger king (fast food) Shell (Gas station)Common usage of store location (shop in shop concept)Levin, 1996 Levin Levin, 2000.Brand Extension stomp Brand transfer from cloths to perfumeExtension of brand to a new product in either a new or an existing product categoryEquals joint branding , if new product is branded by two brands simultaneouslyAaker Keller, 1990 Balachander Ghose, 2003 Volckner Sattler, 2006.2.3.1 Joint Branding and its EffectivenessDifferent theories were propagated to gain an arrest on the efficiency of joint-branding when compared with various other brand extension strategies. Below listed is a brief description on these theoriesConcept Combination Theory This was propounded by Park, Jun andShocker in the year 1996. In this theory, the researchers have observed the evolution and usefulness of combined brand partnerships. A combined brand is described to be the outcome of aligning two significant brands. The findings were ground on th e influence on perception of the consumer towards the new composite brand resulting from the earlier perceptions of the combining brands. The concept combination procedure enlisted evaluating two self sufficient concepts which are to form a new concept (Wisniewski, 1996). According to Park, Jun and Schocker (1996) a composite joint brand comprises of at least one parent brand and one modifier brand, each of which are determined according to their position in the composite brand. As per the concept combination theory, a set of core attributes in a concept is the most essential and salient set of attributes for understanding a concept (Eysenck and Keanne 1990), and it is difficult to change when the concept is combined with others.b) Signaling Theory This theory was utilized by various realists (Rao, Qu Ruekert, 1999 Rao and Rueker1994 Washburn, Till, and Priluck 2000) in order to evaluate and assess the creation of joint branding and its usefulness. As stated by Spence (1974), signa ling could be observed when the observer takes actions to communicate data and information to the ones who are ignorant of it, in order to facilitate their decision making. By utilizing this theory, Washburn, Trill Priluck (2000) had studied the effects of joint branding on the brand equity of the partnering brands. The four components2of the brand equity were evaluated based on the changing perception of the consumers.c) Assimilation and Contrast Theory Levin (2002) has engaged social judgment theory in investigating the impact of joint branding. According to the social judgment theory (Shrif Hovland, 1961), judgments towards a stimulus are affected by the context within which it is evaluated. Furthermore, Sherman (1978, p107) states a stimulus is judged not only by its own features but also by the other stimulus that are present concurrently. Based on the occurrence of a stimuli the contexts are classified into logical argument and assimilation effects (Meyers-Levy and Sterntha l 1993).2.3.2 Direct EffectsConsidering the empirical theories of Rao Rueckert (1994) and Rao (1997), Rao (1999), an in depth study of Joint Branded products from signaling perspective, whereby they show that the customers evaluates the brand qualitativeness better in relation to unidentifiable characteristics where a particular brand is collaborated with another brand which is presumed to be at risk of consumers acceptance. The combined outcome of the dual branding nature, joint branded products offers a better quality signal when compared with mono branded products.Levin (1996) findings displayed that matching a reputed brand name with an non reputable or slightly known host brands improves consumers product evaluations than adding a non reputable brand. Thus, it could be concluded that consumers brand awareness on the partner brands has a corroborative precede effect (Rao, 1997, p 118). Fang and Mishra (2002) also supported this claim, stating that consumer perception of a non reputed brand enhances when combined with a reputed, good quality associate and Voss Tansuhaj (1999), proves that consumer evaluation of a joint branded products improves if a well known domestic brand is incorporated with unknown foreign brand partner.Vaidyanathan Aggarwal (2000) has also analyzed joint branded products formed by a well known national brand and an unknown private brand, and found that a joint branded products received irresponsible valuation if it is incorporated with a well known ingredient brand. By differentiating a joint brand product as having either an unknown branded element or a reputed brand, Desai Keller (2002) clarifies the extended effect of the host brand. With the extension which transforms the intensity of a prevailing product feature, a stabilized component facilitates early growth recognition, however a self brand ingredients results in favourable victoryive group expansion assessment. The brand extension which adds a whole new feature to the product would instruct an existing component, as doing this will lead to high assessment of the original product and its preceding expansion.Park (1996) states that the imperious attitude of consumer towards a brand leads to positive direct effects, and the joint branded products involving two complementary brand gains a better attribute profile in the mind of consumers than that of a direct brand extension of dominant brand or a joint branded product involving two highly favourable but uncomplimentary brand. Walchli (1996), When measuring the evaluation of joint-branded products according to the agreement of the partner brands, displays that in high associated situations, the high dissimilar or similar partner brand possess less positive evaluation that it may have in rather disimilar partner brand. This astounding result is a task of the amplification that consumers undertake to seek resolutions that are partial towards positive clarification for the inaptness (Mandler (1982))T he prior positive attitude generates the positive direct effect towards each partner brand, and also from the positive perception toward the brand and the offered product fit of the partner brand. The term fit refers for the consumer perception on congruity of both the partner brand and their offered product categories and the branding concepts (Simonin Ruth, 1998). The model of Simonin Ruth had been circumscribed by Hadjicharalambus (2001) to gain an evidence that overall fit (i.e., the joint venture of two brands A B as a new joint brand product) effects the evaluation positively of the joint branded products, but overall the fit is influenced by the transfer fit positively, or partner brand fit with product category of the joint branded product and fit of the brand. There is a possession of synergitic effect on the high transfer fit, which generates positive direct effects. The direct link with the brand equity and the joint branded products has been stated by Washburn (1999) and Washburn et al. (2000, 2004) , this displays that the higher brand equity of partner brand enhance the comprehend brand equity of the joint branded product and thus radiates positive direct effect.The study conducted by Janiszewski Van Osselaer (2000) and Van Osselaer Janiszewski (2001) shows how the consumer predicts the products performance through brand names and product features by different training methods. As explained by Simonin Ruth (1998) and Park et al.,(1996) that joining two or more established brands improves the position value of a joint branded products because the well known ingredient of a brand gives positive direct effects.The two most recent study conducted on the direct effect of joint branding is done by Baumgrath (2003) and Huber (2005). These studies agree and support to the previous studies of Simonin Ruth (1998) and Hadjicharambouss (2001) findings. The most comprehensive study on direct effects is given by Baumgarth (2003). He had analyzed a bi ggest simple, the great variety of joint branded products, and the most path relationship. He also states that advertising has a relevantly great importance in terms of evaluating the joint branded products. Huber (2005) proved evidently that involvement of product and orientation of consumers brand influences the success of joint branded product.The comparison of brand extension and joint branding studys displays some interesting similarities and differences. The requirement of fit in a high degree in a brand and the product extension is the main factor of success for brand extension, high involvement of parent brand, acceptance from the market and retailer (Volckner Sattler, 2006). The success of joint branded product is influenced by the transfer fit and support from market, but it carries much significance obtained from the product fit and the partner brand. This is because the joint branding introduces the new evaluation dimensions, unlike the brand extension. The collaboratin g concept of joining two or more brand from a single product to a joint branded product can achieve much benefits of that it may not achieve from its own. This finding is supported by Park et al (1996). The experimental test conducted shows that a joint branded product is assumed much favorable than that of the direct brand extension in the parent brands product categoryThe literature of joint branding still need to analyze the addition factor of success of brand extension, like retailer acceptance and parent brand involvement. The table 2 below shows the relevance of relationship from the brand extension that may serve as a potential factor of success for joint branded product. Such combination can be considered for further research.TABLE 2 Succes Factors for Direct effectsSuccess factors for direct effectsA Joint branded product is more successful if..sourceRelative ImportanceCharacteristics of constituent brands/products cognizancebrand awareness of the constituent brand is highL evin et al. (1996) Fang and Mishra(2002) Voss and Tansuhaj(1999) Vaidyanathan and Aggarwal(2000) Desai and Keller(2002)MediumQualitythe perceived quality of the constituent brands is highRao et al. (1999) McCarthy and Norris (1999) Park et al. (1996) Simonin and Ruth (1998) Janiszewski and van Osselaer (2000) van Osselaer and Janiszewski (2001) Baumgarth (2003) Lafferty et al. (2004) Huber (2005)HighBrand equitythe brand equity of the Constituent brands is highWashburn (1999) Washburn et al. (2000 2004)HighCharacteristics of Joint Branded productAdvertisingthe evaluation of advertising campaigns with regard to the joint branded product is positive.Baumgarth (2003)HIgh sell Acceptanceretailer acceptance is highVolckner and Sattler (2006)NAFit constituent brands/productsDegree of Complimentarinessthe constituent brands are highly complimentary regarding an attitudeof the joint branded productPark et al. (1996)MediumBrand fitBrand fit of the constituents brand is highSimonin and Ruth ( 1998) Baumgarth (2003)HighProduct fitProduct fit of the product categories of constituents brandsis highSimonin and Ruth (1998) Baumgarth (2003) Huber (2005)HIghIncongruencePartner brands are moderately incongruent under high involvement conditions.Walchi (1996)MediumFit constituent brands with Joint branded productFit of constituents brands and Joint branded productThe fit between the brands and the joint branded product is highHadjicharalambous(2001 Baumgarth (2003))HIghPerson specific variablesProduct involvementInvolvement with the product category of the cobranded product is highHuber(2005)MediumBrand OrientationBrand orientation is highHuber(2005)LowConstituent brand involvementConstituent brand involvement is highVolckner and Sattler (2006)NA(Source Helming, Huber Leeflang, 2008)2.3.3 Spillover EffectsStudies on joint branding that delivers spill-over effect are scarce. A structural compare model has been developed by Simonin Ruth (1998) that displays consumers attitude to wards the joint branded product, influencing positive attitude towards each partner brand. These authors have also proved that the brand that are less familiar in the market gains weak impact on the consumer attitude by the joint branded product (Lafferty, 2004). Baumgrath (2003) states that, great brand constancy has less image erosion due to unfavourable extension, which may deliver weak spill over effect. Joint branded products may increase evaluation of an unknown brand if those unknown brand are joint with well known brand.A joint branded product which has two high equity partners can get a win-win potential, which can lead to great spill over effect. Brands with low brand equity gain the higher benefit from the joint branding and that carrying high brand equity does not suffer down grading of reputation, even if they are joined with a lower equity partner (Washburn, 1999 Washburn et al. 2000 2004). Vaidyanathan Aggarwal (2000) states that the brand equity of a national brand does not decrease if collaborated with the unknown private brand. Musante (2000) finds that a joint branded products improves its evaluation if it cooperates with the second brand which is perceived to be higher in that dimension.Table 3 Success factor for spill over effectsSuccess factor for spill Spill over effect on one/both brand(s) Sourceover effect are stronger more positive if..Characteristics of constituent brand(s)Brand AwarenessBrand awareness of one of the constituent brand is highVoss Tanssuhaj (1999)Brand Personality/attitudeThe brand personality of one of the constituent brand is positiveMusante (2000)Brand EquityThe brand equity of one of the constituent brands is highWashburn (1999) Vaidyanath Aggarwal (2000) Washburn (2000 2004)Brand FamiliarityThe brand familiarity of the constituent brand is lowSimonin Ruth (1998)Brand stabilityThe brand stability of the constituent brands is lowBaumgarth(2003)Success factor for Spill over effectSpill over effect on one/both b rand(s) are stronger /more positive if..SourceCharac